The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) develops various standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services that serve as a basis for product testing, quality control, and product evaluation in different industries. One of which is the ASTM D2665— the ASTM standard for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) plastic drain, waste, and …
Stainless steels are a group of low-carbon iron-based alloys known for their resistance to corrosion. All in all, there are over 60 grades of stainless steels which can be classified into five families according to crystalline structure: austenite, ferrite, martensite, duplex, and precipitation hardening. This article focuses on the most common grade which is the …
The unique thermal properties of metals make them a valuable material in applications and industrial processes that require the use and manipulation of heat such as in manufacturing, construction, transportation, and energy production, among others. One of the crucial properties that affect their thermal behavior is specific heat. Specific Heat Of Metals The specific heat …
The continuity equation describes the conservation of some quantity w that is being transported within a system. The Continuity Equation In general, the continuity equation can be written as: where: Specifically, the continuity equation states that the change in the amount of w can be determined by how much flows through a system boundary and …
As an object moves through air, it will be subject to an air resistance force. This force is related to a number of parameters specific to a scenario, with the object’s velocity having the largest impact on the air resistance. Air Resistance Calculator Calculating air resistance The force imparted on an object moving through the …
Pipe fittings including tees, elbows, bends, couplings, and valves contribute a substantial amount of pressure loss in a piping system. Hence, it is important to take them into account during the design process in order to properly size the motors and pumps needed to transport the process fluid within the system. One way to estimate …
Volumetric Flow Rate In Pipes The volumetric flow rate of a fluid through a pipe is not constant across the cross-section. In fact, the flow rate will exhibit a trend similar to that shown in the figure below: As seen in the figure, the average velocity, Vavg, is used to calculate the volumetric flow rate …
The full-load amperage (FLA) of an electric motor is a value expressing the maximum amount of current to apply to the motor. Above the FLA value, any additional current will not increase motor output, and the excess energy will be dissipated as heat, which may damage the motor. Therefore, knowing the current at which a …
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