Engineering

Water hammer, also known as hydraulic surge, is a pressure wave that happens in fluid systems when fluid in motion abruptly stops or changes velocity. This phenomenon can lead to various issues, including noise, vibrations, burst pipes, valve failures, or even structural damage. This article tackles water hammer calculations, its underlying principles, and methods to …

Water Hammer Calculation: Understanding and Preventing Hydraulic Surges Read More »

Fluid flow measurement is a critical aspect of engineering, and the venturi meter is a key instrument used for this purpose. This device operates on the principle of the venturi effect, which causes the pressure of the fluid to decrease as its velocity increases when passing through a constricted section of a pipe. Bernoulli’s equation …

Venturi Meter Flow: The Science Behind Accurate Measurement Read More »

When fluid flows through a PVC pipe, frictional forces between the fluid and the pipe walls cause a pressure drop along the pipe’s length. In fluid mechanics, this drop in pressure is characterized by a dimensionless parameter known as the friction factor. This article tackles friction factor for PVC pipes and its calculation methods. Friction …

Friction Factor for PVC Pipe: Insights for Engineers Read More »

It is important to know and control the velocity of water in a piping system as it directly influences the system performance and lifespan. Excessive velocities can induce damage to the piping material and result in higher pressure losses, while low velocities may lead to sedimentation and insufficient flow rates. This article tackles water flow …

Water Velocity Limits in Pipes Read More »

When designing ducted heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems, it is important to account for pressure losses in order to size the fan and air-handling equipment properly. Duct fittings like elbows and tees contribute to these pressure losses. This article focuses on using the equivalent length method to quantify the pressure losses resulting from duct …

Equivalent Length of Duct Fittings: Enhancing System Performance Read More »